A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson found thatchildren who were labeled as “late bloomers” atthe start of the school year showed larger IQ gains than other, non-labeled students, eventhough these particular children were chosenrandomly. The children’s teachers were informedabout these labels but the students themselveswere not. The results from this study are mostrelevant to which of the following?

A. dissonance theory
B. the mere exposure effect
C. self-fulfilling prophecy
D. self-serving bias